Waa maxay walxo baco ka samaysan?
Sida walxaha lagama maarmaanka u ah nolosha casriga ah, balaastikada ayaa si weyn looga isticmaalaa meelo badan sida baakadaha, qalabka elektaroonigga ah, baabuurta, iyo dhismaha. Qalab noocee ah ayaa laga sameeyay balaastiig? Tani dhab ahaantii waxay ku lug leedahay sayniska adag ee polymers ee warshadaha kiimikada. Caagadaha waxaa laga sameeyaa noocyo kala duwan oo ah polymers synthetic ama semi-synthetic, iyo alaabta ceeriin polymer-ka waxaa lagu farsameeyaa habab gaar ah oo loo maro walxaha maalinlaha ah ee aan naqaanno. Inta soo socota, waxaan si faahfaahsan u falanqeyn doonaa qaabka balaastikada iyo habka diyaarintooda.
1. Qaybaha aasaasiga ah ee balaastikada: polymers
Maxay ka samaysan yihiin balaastikada? Jawaabta dhexe waa polymers. polymer-ku waa silsilad unugyo sare ah oo ka samaysan tiro badan oo monomers ah oo soo noqnoqda oo ay ku xidhan tahay falcelinta polymerisation. polymers-ka caadiga ah waxaa ka mid ah polyetylen (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS) iyo polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Noocyada kala duwan ee balaastiggu waxay soo bandhigaan sifooyin jidheed iyo kiimiko oo kala duwan iyadoo ku xiran nooca monomer ee la isticmaalo, habka polymerisation iyo qaabka molecular.

Polyethylene (PE): polymerised ka monomer ethylene, oo caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo soo saarista bacaha, filimada baakadaha cuntada, iwm.
Polypropylene (PP): polymerization of monomer propylene, oo leh caabbinta kulaylka wanaagsan, oo si ballaaran loo isticmaalo koofiyadaha caaga ah, maacuunta guriga.
Polystyrene (PS): polymerised ka monomer styrene, hufan oo sahlan in la sameeyo, caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo soo saarista alaabta miiska la tuuri karo, alaabta baakadaha.

2. Waxyaabaha lagu daro ee loo isticmaalo soo saarista balaastikada
Marka lagu daro polymers, balaastikada waxaa ku jira noocyo kala duwan oo lagu daro kuwaas oo loo isticmaalo si kor loogu qaado hantidooda ama loo yareeyo kharashka wax soo saarka. Waxyaabaha lagu daro waxaa ka mid ah antioxidants, balaastikada, xasiliyeyaasha, wakiilada midabaynta, buuxinta iyo wixii la mid ah. Nooca iyo xaddiga waxyaabaha lagu daro waxay si toos ah u saameeyaan sifooyinka jireed iyo isticmaalka caagagga.

Balaastikada: waxay kordhiyaan dabacsanaanta balaastikada waxayna u fududeeyaan habaynta iyo caaryada. Inta badan loo isticmaalo wax soo saarka PVC.
Antioxidants: waxay ka hortagaan caagga inay gaboobaan sababtoo ah oksaydheynta inta lagu jiro wax soo saarka iyo isticmaalka, waxayna hagaajiyaan cimrigooda.
Fillers: sida calcium carbonate, budada talcum, loo isticmaalo in lagu kordhiyo adkaanta iyo xasiloonida balaastikada, iyada oo la dhimayo kharashka wax soo saarka.

3. Habka wax-soo-saarka caagga ah: falcelinta polymerisation iyo farsamada wax-soo-saarka
Soo saarista balaastikada waxaa inta badan loo qaybiyaa laba marxaladood: falcelinta polymerisation iyo molding. Monomers waxa loo beddelaa polymers iyada oo loo marayo falcelin kiimikaad. Iyada oo ku xidhan habka polymerisation, waxa loo qaybin karaa polymerisation xagjirka lacag la'aan ah, polymerisation anionic, cationic polymerisation iyo copolymerisation. Marka xigta, polymer-ka waxaa lagu farsameeyaa alaabada qaabka la rabo iyadoo la isku duri doono, ka saarista, dharbaaxada iyo hababka kale.

Duritaan isku duro: caag dhalaalaysa oo kulul ayaa lagu cadaadiyaa caaryar oo qaabaysan, oo caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo soo saarista alaabta caaga ah ee maalinlaha ah la isticmaalo.
Extrusion: caaggu waa la kululeeyaa ka dibna waxaa lagu sameeyaa extrusion, oo ku habboon samaynta alaabada joogtada ah sida tuubooyinka iyo filimada.
Wax-qabashada: Caag la dhalaaliyay waa mid la tumay waxaana loo isticmaalaa in lagu sameeyo alaab godan sida dhalooyinka.

4. Isbeddelka horumarka ee balaastikada deegaanka ku habboon
Iyadoo kor u kaca wacyiga deegaanka, dadku waxay soo bandhigeen shuruudo badan oo deegaanka ah oo loogu talagalay soo saarista iyo isticmaalka caagagga. Bacaha burburay, balaastikada bio-based-based iyo bacaha dib loo warshadeeyay ayaa noqonaya jihada cusub ee horumarka.

Caagagga naafoobay: sida polylactic acid (PLA), ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah hoos ugu dhigi kara carbon dioxide iyo biyaha deegaanka dabiiciga ah.
Balaastikada bio-based: polymers-ka laga sameeyay alaabta ceeriin ee dhirta, sida galleyda iyo sonkorta sonkorta, oo lagu helo isbeddel bayooloji ah.
Bacaha dib loo warshadeeyay: dib-u-warshadaynta alaabtii hore ee caagga ah, iyada oo loo marayo habka nadiifinta, burburinta iyo dib-u-qaabaynta, mar kale ayaa loo isticmaalaa si loo soo saaro alaab cusub.

Gabagabo
Falanqaynta kor ku xusan, waxaan si cad uga jawaabi karnaa su'aasha ah "maxaa caag ah oo laga sameeyey": caaggu inta badan waxaa laga sameeyaa polymers synthetic iyo waxyaabo kale oo kala duwan, oo lagu farsameeyo habab kala duwan oo wax lagu dhejiyo. Horumarka sayniska iyo tignoolajiyada, horumarinta balaastikada deegaanka u saaxiibka ah ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah u beddelaya ku tiirsanaanta caagagga dhaqameed, iyo kor u qaadida horumarinta warshadaha balaastikada ee jihada cagaaran iyo sii waaraya.